长期定位施肥对冬小麦吸收利用氮素的影响

研究不同施肥措施对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）吸收利用氮素的影响,为新形势下制定合理培肥施肥技术,减少氮素流失,提高氮素利用效率提供借鉴。以黄淮海平原国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益监测站1990年以来的长期定位施肥土壤为基础,研究长期不施肥（CK）、氮钾配施（NK）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）、氮磷钾配施有机肥（MNPK）、氮磷钾配合秸秆还田（SNPK）5种施肥措施对冬小麦吸收利用氮素的影响。研究结果表明,与CK、NK施肥措施相比,NPK、MNPK、SNPK施肥措施有利于小麦各生育时期各器官对土壤氮素的吸收利用,能显著提高小麦各生育阶段的田间群体数、干物质积累量以及有效穗数,有利于灌浆期、成熟期氮素在茎、叶、鞘、穗等器官的累积。小麦对氮素吸收累积量、氮肥利用率以NPK最大,MNPK/SNPK次之,均极显著（P≤0.01）高于CK和NK;氮素吸收累积量大小依次为NPK〉MNPK〉SNPK〉NK〉CK。施NPK、NPK配施有机肥或秸秆还田的施肥措施均有利于冬小麦在整个生育时期对土壤氮素养分的吸收,提高籽粒产量。     

红蛋植物对重金属镉、锌的吸收动态研究

采用水培的方法研究了红蛋植物（Echinodorus osiris）对镉、锌的吸收动态。结果表明：无论是低镉（5 mg·L-1）还是高镉（15 mg·L-1）处理,长时间（27 d）培养时,红蛋地上部和地下部镉质量分数均持续增加,至收获时,低镉和高镉处理红蛋地上部镉质量分数分别为364.95和502.97 mg·kg-1;地下部镉质量分数分别达到1 762.81和2 742.95 mg·kg-1。短时间内,红蛋对镉的吸收速率随时间增加而降低,1.0 h内表现为快速吸收模式,而在1.0 h后表现为缓慢吸收模式。在低镉条件下,红蛋对镉的短时间吸收动态符合二次多项式数学模型,高镉条件下,红蛋对镉的吸收动态符合三次多项式数学模型。长时间（27 d）培养时,红蛋地上部锌和地下部质量分数的动态变化趋势基本一致,即先增加后减少再缓慢增加的趋势。低锌（100 mg·L-1）和高锌（400 mg·L-1）处理,红蛋地上部锌质量分数分别为2 211.38和3 190.47 mg·kg-1;地下部锌质量分数分别为3 067.89和3 303.85 mg·kg-1。短时间内,无论是低锌处理还是高锌处理,红蛋对锌的吸收动态均符合二次多项式数学模型,但是两者有所不同,低锌处理,红蛋吸收锌的速率短时间内略有降低,而高锌处理,红蛋对锌的吸收速率短时间内则持续增加。     

不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险

采用田间试验法,研究了江苏省57个水稻品种籽粒对太湖地区乌栅土中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收积累.结果表明水稻籽粒的Cd、Cu、Se含量的变化范围分别为0.099±0.039、4.86±2.595、0.035±0.007mg/kg,指示不同水稻品种对同一土壤中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收及其在籽粒中的积累存在有显著的差异.不同品种籽粒对Cu和Cd的吸收积累有同步的趋势,而高Se品种显示出抑制重金属Cu和Cd积累的倾向.不同品种籽粒中重金属含量的差异可能影响到人类重金属食物摄取的健康风险,57个品种中92%的样品的Cd含量超出USEPA推荐的人类摄取的籽粒临界含量.因此,在土壤重金属污染地区,必须密切注意高Cd、Cu吸收积累品种的大规模栽培.而筛选高Se低Cu、Cd的水稻品种进行品质育种是可能的.     

低温条件下生物陶粒反应器运行特性研究

针对官厅水库下游三家店水库水源进行生物陶粒预处理的现场试验,研究低温条件下生物陶粒反应器的运行效果及其特性.结果表明:当水温从10℃下降到0.5℃时,生物陶粒反应器对COD_Mn的去除率从20%左右下降到6%左右,氨氮的去除率从90%下降到65%.随温度降低生物陶粒反应器去除污染物的效果下降主要是由于微生物活性随温度的降低而下降造成的,陶粒表面的微生物量随温度的降低而减少,但是受影响的程度比活性小得多.陶粒表面的微生物活性与微生物量沿水流方向呈明显的下降趋势.     

Reduction of wastewater toxicity and change of microbial community in a hydrolysis acidification reactor pre-treating trimethylolpropane wastewater

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) wastewater is one of the most toxic petrochemical wastewater. Toxicants with high concentrations in TMP wastewater often inhibit the activity of microorganisms associated with biological treatment processes. The hydrolysis acidification process (HAP) is widely used to pretreat petrochemical wastewater. However, the effects of HAP on the reduction of wastewater toxicity and the relevant underlying mechanisms have rarely been reported. In this study, an HAP reactor was operated for 240 days, fed with actual TMP wastewater diluted by tap water in varying ratios. The toxicity of TMP wastewater was assessed with the inhibition ratio of oxygen uptake rate. When the organic loading rates were lower than 7.5 kg COD/m³/d, the toxicity of TMP wastewater was completely eliminated. When the actual TMP wastewater was directly fed into the reactor, the toxicity of TMP wastewater decreased from 100% to 34.9%. According to the results of gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis, four main toxicants contained in TMP wastewater, namely, formaldehyde, 2-ethylacrolein, TMP and 2-ethylhexanol, were all significantly removed, with removal efficiencies of 93.42%, 95.42%, 72.85% and 98.94%, respectively. Compared with the removal efficiency of CODCr, the reduction rate of toxicity is markedly higher by HAP. In addition, the change of microbial community in the HAP reactor, along the operation period, was studied. The results revealed that, compared with the seed sludge, Firmicutes became the dominant phylum (abundance increased from 0.51% to 57.08%), followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (abundance increased from 59.75% to 25.99% and from 4.70% to 8.39%, respectively).

Open image in new window

     

组配改良剂联合锌肥对土壤-水稻系统镉迁移转运的影响

选取湖南省长沙市北山镇某中重度Cd污染稻田进行田间试验,通过连续种植早晚两季水稻,研究了组配改良剂LS （石灰石+海泡石）,同时结合土施Zn肥和叶面喷施Zn肥对水稻Cd吸收的影响.结果表明：①施用LS （2250 kg·hm^-2和4500 kg·hm^-2）的各处理均能使早、晚稻土壤pH值增加0.28~1.26个单位,土壤CEC增加7.7%~33.4%,而土施Zn肥（90 kg·hm^-2）和叶面喷施Zn肥（0.2 g·L^-1和0.4 g·L^-1）对土壤pH值无明显影响.②基施LS的各处理能使早、晚稻土壤中TCLP和CaCl₂提取态Cd含量分别降低11.5%~38.8%和24.0%~81.0%,土施Zn肥和叶面喷施Zn肥对土壤Cd两种提取态含量无明显影响.③单一处理均能显著降低糙米Cd含量,但降低效果均不如联合处理,组配改良剂LS联合Zn肥的处理（L1Z1F1、L1Z1F2、L2Z1F1和L2Z1F2）使早稻和晚稻糙米Cd含量分别降低64.9%~67.5%和56.1%~80.6%,其中L2Z1F1（4500 kg·hm^-2的LS+90 kg·hm^-2的Zn肥+叶面喷施0.2 g·L^-1的Zn肥）处理效果最佳.④各处理下水稻各部位Cd/Zn比显著降低,糙米中Cd/Zn比值与Cd含量呈极显著正线性相关,说明各部位中Zn含量的增加是稻米Cd含量显著降低的关键原因之一.组配改良剂联合Zn肥修复技术能有效阻隔水稻对Cd的吸收和转运,降低水稻糙米Cd含量,是一种能有效实现中重度Cd污染稻田安全利用的技术模式.     

7个柳树无性系在Cu/Zn污染土壤中的生长及对Cu/Zn的吸收

通过盆栽试验来评价7个柳树无性系(旱柳?杞柳和金丝柳)修复Cu/Zn污染土壤或矿砂的潜力.研究了7个无性系在2种污染介质中的生长,叶绿素含量?根系形态及其对Cu、Zn的吸收转移.结果表明,150d后,7个柳树无性系在污染介质中都能生长,其中旱柳和金丝柳生长较好,其他无性系生长受到明显抑制.各无性系叶片出现黄化现象,叶绿素相对含量降低.根系发育受到一定程度的抑制.各无性系对Cu的积累主要在地下部,而对Zn的积累主要在地上部,特别是在叶片中.7个无性系在铜土中更容易积累重金属.各无性系生物富集系数(BCF)Cu.Cu的转移系数(TF)值均<1,Zn的TF值在1.36~2.49之间.旱10?旱34和金丝柳对Cu和Zn有较强的耐性和一定积累能力,适合在尾矿区造林和修复.     

樟树对14CO2的吸收和积累

为了探明14CO2在环境中的行为,采用同位素示踪技术研究了樟树对14CO2的吸收和积累动态,并探讨了樟树作为监测大气14CO2污染指示植物的可能性和优越性.结果表明,通过叶片光合作用从空气中吸收的14CO2会在樟树叶片中积累,检测到的14C比活度数值较大,表明空气中的14CO2易于通过叶片的光合作用而进入樟树叶片组织中;在污染前期14CO2主要被新叶组织中吸收,后期主要积累在老叶中,反映出新叶对空气14CO2污染比较敏感,而老叶积累效应明显.樟树叶片的这一特性可用于监测大气14CO2污染.     

沼泽红假单胞菌phbC-hupL双突变株构建及产氢测定

利用湖底淤泥分离的沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)CQU01和该菌株的吸氢酶基因hupL缺失菌株CQU012作为出发菌株,分别构建聚羟基丁酸酯合成酶基因phbC单突变株及聚羟基丁酸酯合成酶基因phbC与吸氢酶基因hupL双突变株,以提高其在光照培养条件下的产氢量.以同源重组双交换方法构建含有Em抗性基因的自杀载体,通过接合转移转化R. palustris CQU01菌株,经PCR扩增以及测序验证,成功获得了沼泽红假单胞菌phbC单突变株R. palustris CQU013及phbC-hupL双突变株R. palustris CQU014.相同条件下测定突变菌株与野生菌株的生长和产氢特性,结果显示,突变菌株生长曲线与野生菌株有明显差异,两株突变菌株的产氢量分别是原始菌株的1.31和1.76倍,达到454mL/L和604mL/L.双突变菌株产氢能力较phbC基因和hupL基因单突变菌株的产氢能力有明显提高,说明phbC和hupL基因对菌株R. palustris 的产氢代谢有着显著的影响.     

A two-dimensional simulation model of phosphorus uptake including crop growth and P-response

Modelling nutrient uptake by crops implies considering and integrating the processes controlling the soil nutrient supply, the uptake by the root system and relationships between the crop growth response and the amount of nutrient absorbed. We developed a model that integrates both dynamics of maize growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. The crop part of the model was derived from Monteith's model. A complete regulation of P-uptake by the roots according to crop P-demand and soil P-supply was assumed. The soil P-supply to the roots was calculated using a diffusion equation and assuming that roots behave as zero-sinks. The actual P-uptake and crop growth were calculated at each time step by comparing phosphate and carbohydrate supply–demand ratios. Model calculations for P-uptake and crop growth were compared to field measurements on a long term P-fertilization trial. Three P-fertilization regimes (no P-fertilization, 42.8 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 94.3 kg P ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) have led to a range of P-supply. Our model correctly simulated both the crop development and growth for all P-treatments. P-uptake was correctly predicted for the two non-limiting P-treatments. Nevertheless, for the limiting P-treatment, P-uptake was correctly predicted during the early period of growth but it was underestimated at the last sampling date (61 day after sowing). Several arguments for under-prediction were considered. However, most of them cannot explain the observed magnitude in discrepancy. The most likely reason might be the fact that biomass allocation between shoot and root must be modelled more precisely. Despite this mismatch, the model appears to provide realistic simulations of the soil–plant dynamic of P in field conditions.